Scientists at the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR) have developed CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited japonica rice that shows better phosphate uptake and higher yields, potentially lowering fertilizer use.
Why this Issue Matters
- Phosphorus is vital for plant growth, but only 15–20% of phosphate fertilizer is absorbed by crops.
- India imports most of its phosphate fertilizers, raising the need for efficient nutrient usage.
Key Scientific Innovation
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing was used to enhance phosphate transfer from root to shoot in rice plants.
- Scientists targeted the OsPHO1;2 gene, a transporter that moves phosphate from roots to shoots.
- Instead of deleting the whole repressor gene (OsWRKY6), only the 30-base-pair binding site was removed.
- This precise method increased yield by 20–40% even under low phosphate conditions.
Results and Benefits
- More panicles (seed-bearing parts) were formed, leading to higher grain yield.
- No change in seed quality or nutritional value.
- Efficient uptake of phosphate before it binds to other soil elements and becomes unusable.
- Potential for reduced fertilizer use while maintaining or improving output.
Concerns Related to GM Crops:
- Potential risks to human health and environment
- Biodiversity loss due to monoculture
- Contamination of non-GM or organic crops
- Dependence on seed companies for patented seeds
- Ethical and regulatory debates
Future for Indian Agriculture
- Although tested on japonica rice, plans are underway to adapt this to indica varieties commonly grown in India.
- Can improve fertilizer efficiency, reduce dependency on imports, and promote sustainable farming.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS?
Genetically Modified (GM) crops are plants whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques to introduce traits like pest resistance, drought tolerance, or higher yields. This is different from traditional breeding, as GM technology allows specific genes from other organisms (even unrelated species) to be inserted into the plant genome.
Regulatory Framework in India:
- Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is the main regulator.
- Field trials and biosafety assessments are mandatory before approval.
GM Crops in India – Current Status
- Bt Cotton
- Status: Approved and widely used
- Purpose: Kills bollworm and other cotton pests
- Bt Brinjal
- Status: Approved in 2009 but not allowed for cultivation
- Purpose: Protects brinjal from fruit and shoot borer
- GM Mustard (DMH-11)
- Status: Approved for limited field trials only
- Purpose: Helps produce high-yield hybrid mustard seeds
- Golden Rice
- Status: Not approved, currently under testing
- Purpose: Rich in Vitamin A to help fight deficiency
Conclusion:
GM crops offer solutions to many agricultural challenges, but India continues to adopt a cautious approach, balancing innovation with safety, public opinion, and food sovereignty.
