Section 152 BNS Case

The Supreme Court has questioned whether the possibility of misuse of Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which penalises acts endangering India’s sovereignty and unity, can be a valid reason to strike down the provision.

Background:

  • Section 152 of BNS Punishes acts that threaten the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
  • Replaces the colonial-era IPC Section 124A (sedition) but faces criticism for being similarly vague.
  • FIR registered in Assam against The Wire co-founder Siddharth Varadarajan and the Foundation of Independent Journalism over a published news article.

What is sedition:

  • Sedition – Any act, speech, or writing that incites hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the government established by law in India.
  • Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) – A legal provision that prescribes punishment (up to life imprisonment) for committing sedition, while excluding lawful criticism aimed at improving government policies.

Supreme Court Proceedings

  • Bench composition – Justices Surya Kant & Joymalya Bagchi.
  • Petitioners’ stance
    • Section 152 is essentially sedition in a new form.
    • Its broad and unclear language can be used to suppress free speech, especially journalistic work.
  • Court observations
    • Vague penal provisions can be challenged on constitutional grounds.
    • Recalled the Kedar Nath Singh judgment, which held sedition is applicable only if speech incites violence or poses a real threat to sovereignty.
    • Political dissent alone cannot be treated as a danger to national unity.

Interim Protection

  • The court protected Mr. Varadarajan and other Foundation members from coercive police action.
  • Notices issued to the Union Government and Assam Government for their responses.

Key Legal Points

  • Debate on whether potential misuse of a law justifies striking it down entirely.
  • Custodial interrogation of journalists questioned; the court hinted it may not be necessary unless clear security threats exist.
  • Government’s stand – Journalists are not a separate legal category and are subject to the same laws as others.

Significance

  • The case will help clarify the constitutional validity of Section 152 BNS.
  • It reopens the broader discussion on balancing national security with freedom of expression in the post-sedition law framework.

why the colonial sedition law (Section 124A IPC) is still present in India:

  • Not yet repealed by Parliament: Even after Independence, lawmakers have not formally removed Section 124A from the IPC.
  • Seen as a tool for security: Governments argue it helps tackle threats like separatism, terrorism, or anti-national activities.
  • Judicial interpretation: allows limited use The Supreme Court (Kedar Nath Singh case, 1962) upheld it but restricted its application only to cases involving violence or incitement to public disorder.
  • Political convenience: Both colonial and modern governments have used it to curb dissent and criticism.

Conclusion:

The outcome of this case will shape how India balances national security concerns with the constitutional right to free speech. It will also set a precedent on whether vague laws with potential for misuse can withstand judicial scrutiny.

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