Mass Gen Z-led protests in Kathmandu (September 2025) forced Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli to resign.
Background
- The protests were sparked by youth frustration over corruption, nepotism, and economic stagnation.
- Harsh police response intensified public anger.
- The Nepal Army mediated, leading to the formation of an apolitical interim government and dissolution of Parliament.
Reasons Behind the Unrest
- Youth Unemployment: Over 20% youth unemployment despite only 4–5% overall unemployment. Lack of job creation and economic reforms.
- Political Instability: Since the 2015 Constitution, Nepal has seen 7 governments with the same few leaders rotating power. Cronyism and corruption amid outward political churn.
- Disillusionment with Parties: Traditional parties (UML, Maoists, NC) seen as self-serving. Protests reflect widespread frustration beyond party lines.
- Governance Deficits: Weak institutions, slow justice, and misuse of coalition politics. Delay in reforms, especially in economy and federalism.
Current Situation
- Interim PM Sushila Karki’s priorities:
- Conduct free and fair elections by March 5, 2026.
- Investigate police excesses and protest violence.
- Expose corruption in political offices.
- Challenges:
- Infiltration of protests by political gangs.
- Weak judicial system for fast-track prosecutions.
Debates on Constitutional Reform
- Some propose:
- Directly elected executive,
- Reducing proportional representation,
- Diluting federalism.
- Risks:
- May provoke ethnic groups (Madhesis, Janjatis, Tharus).
- Could delay elections and deepen mistrust.
India’s Role
- India maintained restraint, avoiding interference.
- PM Narendra Modi’s call to Ms. Karki conveyed support and condolences, reinforcing goodwill.
Way Forward
- Priority should be peaceful, inclusive, and transparent elections.
- Avoid hasty constitutional changes lacking consensus.
- Empower youth participation and ensure accountable governance.
Conclusion
Nepal stands at a critical juncture. Only fair elections and institutional accountability can restore trust and uphold the gains of democracy achieved since 2006. Any deviation risks undoing decades of progress towards an inclusive federal republic.
