A Lancet Infectious Diseases study reported that India is using a high proportion of ‘Watch’ antibiotics, while many patients still lack access to essential ‘Access’ antibiotics. This topic is important for aspirants preparing for GS3 Science & Technology through ias coaching in Hyderabad.
What are Antibiotics?
• Medicines used to kill or inhibit bacterial growth.
• Ineffective against viral infections such as cold, influenza, or dengue.
• Should be taken only on medical advice for prescribed duration.
WHO AWaRe Classification of Antibiotics
| Category | Purpose | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Access | First-choice antibiotics for common infections; should be widely available and affordable. | Amoxicillin, Penicillin |
| Watch | Broad-spectrum antibiotics with higher resistance risk; use only for specific infections. | Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin |
| Reserve | Last-resort antibiotics for multidrug-resistant infections. | Colistin, Linezolid, Ceftazidime-Avibactam |
What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
• Occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites evolve and no longer respond to medicines.
• Leads to infections that are harder to cure, longer treatments, higher costs, and increased mortality.
• Complicates advanced medical procedures.
Reasons for Rising Antibiotic Misuse in India
- Over-Prescription: Antibiotics given even when unnecessary; preference for broad-spectrum drugs.
- Self-Medication: Easy access without prescription; premature discontinuation of treatment.
- Inappropriate Use in Hospitals: Excessive prophylactic use, duplicate prescriptions, poor infection control.
- Use in Livestock and Agriculture: Antibiotics used for growth promotion, spreading resistant bacteria via food/environment.
- Lack of Diagnostic Testing: Doctors prescribe before confirming infection.
- Poor Public Awareness: Many wrongly believe antibiotics work against viruses.
India’s Initiatives to Combat AMR
- National Action Plan on AMR (NAP-AMR) – Launched 2017; One Health approach.
- National Programme on AMR Surveillance – Implemented via ICMR; monitors resistance trends.
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme (AMSP) – Promotes rational antibiotic prescribing in hospitals.
- Red Line Campaign – Antibiotic packs carry a red line, indicating prescription-only use.
- Schedule H1 Drugs – Certain antibiotics sold only on valid prescription.
Global Initiatives
• WHO Global Action Plan on AMR (2015)
• GLASS – Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System
• Quadripartite Collaboration (WHO, FAO, UNEP, WOAH) under One Health framework
Conclusion
Rational antibiotic use, strong surveillance, and a One Health approach are essential to control antimicrobial resistance, safeguarding the effectiveness of life-saving medicines for future generations.
